The Chromophore Structure of the Cyanobacterial Phytochrome Cph1 As Predicted by Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory

Abstract

The UV−vis absorption spectra of the photoreceptor chromophores biliverdin (BV) in the ZZZssa conformation and the phycocyanobilin (PCB) with conformations ZZZssa and ZZZasa have been investigated by means of time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) with a polarized continuum model. The three systems are studied in different conditions to include protonation, solvation- and protein-environmental effects on gas phase and available X-ray structures. The crystal structures of BV in bacteriophytochrome of Deinococcus radiodurans and PCB in C-Phycocyanin serve to calibrate the performance of the TD-DFT method and allow estimating the spectral shifts created when gas phase structures instead of a proper environment are used. In contrast, the structure of PCB in the cyanobacterial phytochrome Cph1 is unknown. The excellent agreement of the theoretical spectrum with experimentally recorded data for the PCB in the cyanobacterial phytochrome Cph1 strongly supports a semicyclic ZZZssa structure, similar to that found for the BV chromophore.